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CHAPTER 2: SEED
PART 1 - Evolution & Exodus
EARLY EVOLUTION
LUCY
Lucy (Australopithecus Afarensis) lived 3.2 million BP in East Africa.
Anatomy
She had about the same brain size as Pan at 500cm³, but was walking upright, and was up to 4.5ft (140cm) tall. Her developmental level was somewhere between the bonobo and human. The gradual thinning of body hair produced dark skin over the following 2 million years, protecting against the intense African UV light.
Tools
Lucy used simple Omo tools, which evolved into the more precise Oldowan tools made of stone and wood, both of which are used by modern apes.
Diet
The increase in caloric intake and the consumption of more meat and protein-rich plants enabled our ancestor’s brains and bodies to grow over time.
PLANET OF THE APES
Genus Paranthropus (Greek: beside human) was an Australopithecine who lived 2.7 million BP alongside Homo, as tall as Lucy, with a slightly larger brain at 600cm³, and may have used fire.
In this period there were at least 7 advanced primate species, out of which only Homo survived.
THE FIRST HUMANS
The first representatives of the genus Homo species were Rudolfensis and Habilis. Rudolfensis lived 2.5-1.8 million BP, resembled Lucy and Habilis, and had a brain volume of up to 750cm³.
The Habilis lived 2.2-1.6 million BP in Central Saharan Africa, East Africa, and Eurasia, had narrower teeth, newly evolved wisdom teeth, the same height as Lucy and Paranthropus, a larger brain at 800cm³, and an improved communication ability.
They had a slightly lower tissue density, wore thick hides and used fire.
Sexual dimorphism among the Habilis was low and the reproduction rate high.
ERECTUS
HOMO ERECTUS
Erectus (Latin: upright) lived 2.5 million-27,000 BP in Africa and Eurasia near springs, lakes, rivers and seas in temporary settlements.
Anatomy
They were robust and very strong, 5’10” (178cm) tall, with a reduction in tooth size, a large nose, an increase in subcutaneous fat, thinning body hair, armpit hair, long, kinky hair (UV protection), a brain that grew from 750-1250cm³, and spoke a quasi language.
Tools
They became skilled scavengers and hunters who moved on from Oldowan tools (2inch/5cm cutting edge), to the bifacial Acheulean tools (8inch/20cm cutting edge) and the Clactonian tools (crude knives with a handle or a shaft), made of stone, wood, bone, and antler.
The Spread
With each innovation, the various tool industries would spread to all the corners of the Old World, from Africa to India to England and Spain.
The Erectus were one of the first humans to build rafts and tents, cook, steam and smoke their food, and practice slash and burn land domestication to attract bovid herds.
Culture
They had a basic form of religion based on natural forces with rituals (post mortem smashed skulls, cannibalism), and exhibited attempts of artistic expression in form of portable art made of bone, stone, and clay.
The most famous examples are the Venus of Tan-Tan made about 400,000 BP in Morocco, and the voluptuous Venus of Berekhat Ram made out of quartzite and painted with red ochre around 230,000 BP in Israel, both of whom are faceless.
Recycling
Unless destroyed in battle or ritual, most materials were reused for different types of tasks (tool production, hunting, processing of plants and animals) and everything edible was consumed, making Erectus the possibly first human to practice recycling.
Lifestyle
Sexual dimorphism was comparable to that of Pan. Like most archaic humans, Erectus interbred with contemporary species, hybrids, and primates.
HOMO ERGASTER
Ergaster (Greek: working) was closely related to Erectus and lived 1.9-1.25 million BP in eastern and southern Africa.
Anatomy
They were taller at 6’3” (190cm), with longer legs and shorter arms, lower tissue density, and a brain growing from 700-1000cm³.
Tools & Lifestyle
The Ergaster used Acheulean tools and cooked their food.
Sexual dimorphism was lower among the Ergaster.
HOMO ANTECESSOR
Antecessor was closely related to the less robust Heidelbergensis, shared similarities with Ergaster and lived 1.2 million 500,000 BP in North Africa, Spain and Italy.
Anatomy
They were up to 6 ft tall (180 cm) and weighed up to 200lbs (90 kg), right-handed and used a language based on symbols, with a brain volume of 1100 cm³, a scull protruding toward the back, a low forehead and a small chin.
Life
As in most archaic humans, their childhood development occurred at a faster pace, and they practiced religion related to bone defleshing, cannibalism, and ritual burial. Antecessor also started processing animal bones.
HEIDELBERGENSIS
HOMO CEPRANENSIS
Cepranensis was a hybrid between Erectus and Heidelbergensis and lived 800,000 BP in Italy.
HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS
Heidelbergensis (proposed Homo Sapiens Heidelbergensis) was the last common ancestor of the Neanderthal and archaic Sapiens, related to Erectus, Ergaster, Antecessor, Neanderthal and Sapiens Idaltu, and lived 800,000-300,000 BP in Africa and Eurasia.
Anatomy
Heidelbergensis had a brain volume of up to 1400 cm³ (modern human average), big noses, small chins, and were taller, stronger and more muscular than the archaic Sapiens and the Neanderthal, at 6 ft (180cm).
Culture
They used language, hunted very large game in groups with projectile spears, practiced religion associated with red ochre body painting, defleshing, offerings, butchering,
dismemberment, cannibalism, ritual cadaver dumping and burial.
Tools
The appearance of Heidelbergensis marks a time in which tools became distinctly varied, sharper and aesthetically pleasing.
The sophisticated tools and the ability to make them, considerably raised the social status of the individual as well as their sense of self.
Experimentation
Experimental serial monogamy may have arisen at this time, with an exceptionally high degree of discrimination related to the discovery of intellectual superiority by some who disassociated themselves from their less evolved contemporaries.
An attitude which may have led to the enforced belief in creationism and patriarchy, necessitating male bonding and brutal oppression of females, and in turn causing elevated stress levels in the womb and later in life, overall suppressed androgen and elevated estrogen levels, and eventual loss of height in Heidelbergensis’ descendants, the Neanderthal and the archaic Sapiens.
HOMO RHODESIANS
Rhodesians (proposed Homo Sapiens Rhodesiensis) was related to Heidelbergensis, Erectus and Sapiens Idaltu, and lived 500,000-125,000 BP in northern, eastern and southern Africa.
THE NEANDERTHAL
HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS
Neanderthal (proposed Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis) split from archaic Homo 500,000 BP and became a distinct species by 350,000 BP, after which they left Africa.
By 130,000 BP, the Neanderthal evolved similarly to the archaic Sapiens, and lived mostly around the Mediterranean, the Black and the Caspian Sea.
Long Lost Cousin
As a result of archaic Sapiens’ migration waves occurring between 200,000-40,000 BP, the Neanderthal and other archaic Homo species and hybrids became a part of the modern Homo Sapiens Sapiens by 15,000 BP through interbreeding.
The Neanderthal as a distinct species disappeared by 35,000 BP, after archaic Sapiens inhabited Eurasia, resulting in new hybrids with mixed traits from the Atlantic to the Black and the Red Sea.
Modern human DNA is 99.7% identical to Neanderthal DNA, with and admixture of up to 20% and a genetic difference comparable to the difference between individual modern humans.
 Anatomy
The Neanderthal brain volume at 1300-1750cm³ is comparable to that of modern humans at 850-2170cm³.
They were up to 5’6” (168cm) tall, had pale skin, reddish hair, a pronounced brow bridge, a large nasal cavity, large front teeth in relation to incisors, high tissue density, wide shoulders, a large rib cage, long arms, large hands and finger tips, a short torso, narrow hips, long legs.
Based on anatomy, the Neanderthal spoke a language which was more musical than the average modern language.
Diet & Home
Their diet consisted almost exclusively of animal protein and like most archaic Homo species, the Neanderthal lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers, depending on seasonal and climate changes, as well as animal migrations for survival.
They lived in bands consisting of 20-40 individuals, inside huge animal skin tents, huts (with holes enabling indoor fireplaces), rock shelters and caves, with sleeping areas separated from the rest of the living quarters.
  Hunting & Tools
They practiced strategic group hunting of very large game, using the same locations for living, tool preparation and hunting.
The tools they used were made out of bone, sea shells, antler, wood, ivory, and stone, with raw materials often stemming from tens of miles away.
The Neanderthal created the highly sophisticated Mousterian tool industry, with chisels, borers and drills, later adding the Levallois and Quina retouching techniques (slicers, needles), for more precision, with eventual spear tips to be used as projectiles.
After archaic Sapiens migrated to Neanderthal territory, they shared evolving preparation techniques making the works impossible to distinguish.
Art
Over time the Neanderthal developed complex art on rocks, in caves, in form of jewelry, a bone flute (musical or hunt-related instrument), and the Mousterian Mask of La Roche-Cotard, made of flint and bone in France 35,000 BP.
Religion
The Neanderthal had a religion related to nature (totemism, animism), comparable to that of archaic and early modern Sapiens.
They had a bear cult, and buried their dead ceremonially with weapons, flowers, pollen, animal horns, red ochre and artifacts, obviously believing in the afterlife. And like most early humans, they practiced ritual defleshing and cannibalism.
Culture
Unlike Sapiens, the Neanderthal had a rather constant population size with a slightly more rapid childhood growth, a developmental maturity by age 15, and a lifespan of 45 years.
Health
They used medicinal herbs, cared for the elderly and disabled (going as far as processing food for the toothless), often suffered from arthritis, and had many injuries (upper body in particular) which they successfully healed.
Women
Neanderthal women and men seemed to have different cultures. The women tended to live in separate living quarters, hunted separately and managed land differently.
HOMO SAPIENS
HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU
Idaltu (Afar: elder, first born) was a hybrid who lived 160,000 BP in Ethiopia and had a brain volume of 1450cm3.
HOMO SAPIENS
The archaic Homo Sapiens (Latin: wise, knowing) evolved around 250,000 BP in the African savannas (Sub-Saharan Africa).
They repeatedly migrated between Africa and Eurasia, prior to becoming the modern version of Homo Sapiens Sapiens related to the absorption of the remaining Homo species and hybrids, and the final settlements (including the Americas) 15,000-5,000 BP.
Anatomy
Our immediate ancestors had a brain volume of 1100-1700cm3, spoke an advanced language, and experienced a final thinning of body hairs by 240,000 BP.
They were less robust than their predecessors and contemporaries, but had a higher tissue density than today’s population, with stronger connective tissues like bones, teeth, muscles, skin, nerves, etc.
Their brow ridges were more pronounced, their chins less so, with their skulls becoming rounder, resulting in higher foreheads.
Those who migrated to colder environments experienced a decrease in pigmentation and straight hair to allow the weaker UV light to penetrate the skin and provide the body with the vital vitamin D for sufficient bone growth.
Diet
From 140,000-15,000 BP, our direct ancestors practiced intense fishing and shell fishing between South Africa and the Ukraine, the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. They often caught very large fish (up to 6ft/180 cm) and consumed sea animals (seal, penguin, dolphin), seafood and marine grasses.
Hunting as well became elaborate and manipulative, with various types of animal traps (pit traps, driving animals off cliffs).
A growing emphasis was placed on food preservation in form of drying and smoking meat and fish.
Animals like rabbit, deer, buffalo, bison, antelope, gazelle, horse, bird, wild cat, wild cattle, wild goat and rat were caught and roasted with all soft tissues being consumed (muscle, fat, inner organs, brains and bone marrow), along with edible plants, stems, roots, seeds and flowers.
Tools
The tools they used evolved over time and space, reaching all 3 continents over the past 150,000-5,000 years.
Long distance barter trade networks were established by 120,000 BP enabling the exchange of locally unavailable goods.
Particularly since 100,000 BP, the archaic Sapiens experienced advancement comparable to that of the Neanderthal and beyond.
The first complex boats were built 45,000 BP, following the previously simple dugout boats and canoes made out of hollowed tree trunks for coastal travel in calm waters.
Around 40,000 BP, bitumen (tar) was used as a sealant and gold was discovered in miniscule amounts.
The Archaic Sapiens used hand axes, projectile points and knife blades with handles, hooks, harpoons, barbed fishing points and antler-tipped spears, engraving, drilling and piercing tools.
By the Upper Paleolithic (50,000-10,000 BP) new tool industries were developed, such as the Levanto-Aurignacian Ahmarian culture (Near East, 43,000-26,000 BP), the Aurignacian culture (Eurasia, 32,000-26,000 BP), the Périgordian (Europe, 35,000-20,000 BP) and the Châtelperronian (Europe, 35,000-29,000 BP) cultures.
Animal shaped and reusable Atlatl darts were in use by 32,000 BP allowing hunters to hit their target at a distance of 65-328ft (20-100m).
The depictions of power Goddesses in form of Venus figurines spread across Europe during the Gravettian culture (Europe, 28,000-22,000 BP).
An interesting instrument made in Europe between 23,000-12,000 BP, is the Bâton de commandement or baton perce, which is T or Y shaped, 6-8 inches (15-20cm) in length with animal design detail, resembling a pierced rod and used as a dildo or an arrow straightener.
Meanwhile in northeast Africa the Halfan culture (26,000-17,000 BP) and in the Near East the Kebaran culture (Near East, 20,000-12,000 BP) emerged.
Common hunting darts predate archery and were developed during the Solutrean culture (Europe, 18,000-15,000 BP), which also includes laurel leaf blades.
After the Solutrean, there was the Magdalenian (Europe, 15,000-10,000 BP) culture, followed by the Clovis culture (North America, 11,000-8,000 BP) which bares a strong resemblance to the Solutrean leading some to believe that the archaic Europeans (England, France, Spain) may have migrated to the Americas bringing the culture with them.
Culture
By 160,000 BP archaic Sapiens in East and North Africa and the Near East developed a culture in which childhood and puberty were prolonged beyond natural maturity, which in turn led to a slowed overall development when compared to other Homo species.
It is assumed that over the course of the Middle Paleolithic (300,000-30,000 BP), the total Homo population was at 1 million and that the overall birth rates were low with nursing lasting up to 5 years.
Health
Our archaic ancestors lived a difficult life with many infections and very serious injuries (skull and neck damage), most of which were caused by extremely violent conflict rather than hunting accidents.
Home
They lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers and semi-settlers in multi-family tents and huts made of rocks, clay, bones, tree branches, animal hides and fur, as well as in caves.
Clothing
Their clothing was initially made of hides and fur, followed by the invention of weaving by 20,000 BP in the Near East.
Art
When it came to art, the archaic Sapiens decorated their cave walls with paintings related to the contemporary lifestyle which included mostly faceless women, animals, abstract and symbolic art.
These were followed by self-ornamentation with bracelets and necklaces made with seashell or ostrich eggshell beads and animal tooth pendants (often painted with ochre).
Stones and tools were engraved with animal shapes and similar abstract patterns and symbols that may have had specific meanings in those days.
Lastly came the Venus Goddess figurines and animal figurines with human heads or bodies, expressing the contradictory interconnectedness between the hunters and the animals who were also the humans’ greatest survival teachers.
The oldest known anthropomorphic animal figurine is the Lion Man made 32,000 BP in Germany.
Religion
The archaic Sapiens religion was a combination of animism, superstition, mysticism, mythology, cosmology and creationism.
They continued the traditions of defleshing, cannibalism, grave goods and grave sharing (often including infants and young children), and developed an extreme fear of the dead.
In some cases they would burn the deceased, smash the burned bones, and burn these once again (Mungo Lady, Australia, 23,000 BP).
Ritual revolved around birth, initiation, hunting and death.
Proto-Domestication
Animal domestication was initiated 200,000 BP with the dog, followed by the first domesticated cat 130,000 BP in the Near East.
After another 115,000 years, widespread farming begun in the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean and Iraq).
Initially temporary land management was practiced based on seasonal migrations related to climate and animal movements, and was followed by the harvesting of wild grains and the use of grinding stones (stone mortars) 26,000-19,000 BP.
Settlements were strategically positioned along animal migration routes, pointing out to an increased amount of forethought and organizational skill, as well as the intent to adapt nature to one’s goals.
Forward Leaps
Overall, each consecutive Homo species brought initial advancement after splitting from their predecessor, only to resist additional changes until their descendents split from them in a repeat cycle.
This cultural conservativism therefore repeatedly curbed human evolution.
The so-called Great Leap Forward of the Upper Paleolithic was inspired by massive migrations and the exposure to new environments, diets and cultures.
The question of why they migrated to freezing areas of central and northern Eurasia and North America, leaving behind paradise, remains open.
The First Calendar
By 15,000 BP, a 29-day cycle, lunar calendar was created in France and was found on cave paintings, engraved on bone, antler and stone, relating to menstrual cycles which became shorter over the course of evolution.
HOMO FLORESIENSIS
Floresiensis was an archaic Sapiens and ape hybrid. They lived 100,000-12,000 BP and were related to the pygmies of southeast Asia who suffered from dwarfism.
An adult female was only 100cm tall with a brain volume of 380 cm3 and was found with a pygmy elephant (possible correlation to insular dwarfism).
EXODUS WAVES
Motherland
Like their predecessors, the archaic Sapiens evolved in the Horn of Africa where they lived since at least 195,000 BP.
The Archaic Mother
Around 150,000 BP a woman lived in east Africa. Science calls her the ‘Mitochondrial Eve’.
Every human alive today is related to her.
She is our most common matrilineal ancestress because mitochondrial DNA is passed only from mother to child.
Her female contemporaries either passed before reproducing, had only sons, or were childless.
Early Wanderers
Archaic Sapiens inhabited southern Africa by 140,000 BP, the eastern Mediterranean by 130,000 BP, the Middle East by 90,000 BP and India by 80,000 BP.
These migrations were not necessarily one way trips.
Some stayed, some went further, and others returned to Africa for the time being.
The Last Ice Age
The ‘Out of Africa’ migrations were somewhat interrupted by the last Ice Age (110,000-10,000 BP).
Livable areas of the period were: Africa, coastal Mediterranean, the Middle East, India, southeast Asia, Oceania, Central America and most of South America.
Travel was eased by lower sea levels, which were up to 230ft (70m) lower, and did not return to present levels until 7,000 BP.
Archaic Sapiens Language
There is a possibility of a proto-world language (possibly Nostratic) having been spoken at the time, related to the universal grammar hardwired in children’s brains and their innate ability to comprehend and learn any modern language with grammatical accuracy.
The Toba Catastrophe
75,000 BP, the massive Toba volcano eruption occurred on the island of Sumatra, spreading ashes around the world and causing a slight climate change.
The ashes were probably interpreted as a sign from the gods and some scientists believe that the incident killed the majority of Homo species existent at the time, despite the survival of the ones in relative proximity (archaic humans in India).
The Archaic Father Mystery
70,000 BP our most common patrilineal ancestor, the ‘Y-chromosomal Adam’, to whom all people alive today are related to, entered the world.
Around the same period a population bottleneck took place in which the archaic Sapiens population was reduced to less than 40,000 individuals, perhaps partially explaining a mitochondrial DNA change that happened prior to or immediately after exodus (2 million-60,000 BP), as well as the fact that the DNA among individuals is far more alike in humans than in other species.
Varying characteristics like pigmentation, anatomy and immunity, make out only a fraction of our genome and are created in times of geographic or cultural isolation of individual groups, and minor to major inbreeding.
Another piece of the puzzle is the fact that several female lineages (mitochondrial DNA) are found in Africa and only one outside of Africa, coupled with a very low variation of male lineages (Y chromosome) in Africa.
Culturally this would mean that only one tribe, originating from one pairing, left Africa, reproducing excessively among each other and with those they met along the way, parting ways repeatedly and thereby creating the new Homo Sapiens Sapiens.
Population Explosion
From an estimated overall Homo population of 1 million or less during the Middle Paleolithic (300,000-30,000 BP), the Sapiens population grew to 5 million over the course of the Upper Paleolithic (50,000-10,000 BP).
Final Settlements
The archaic-turning-modern Sapiens inhabited Southeast Asia by 65,000 BP, Oceania by 50,000 BP, Central Asia by 40,000 BP, Europe by 35,000 BP, Korea and Japan by 30,000 BP, and the Americas by 15,000 BP.
SNAKE WORSHIP
The Python Cave
Snakes, particularly the python, continued to be worshiped by evolving Homo, including Sapiens. A 70,000 BP 20ft (6m) rock, shaped as a python, has been found in the Tsodilo Hills (southern African Kalahari desert). It is engraved with hundreds of V-shaped notches and has a secret chamber inside a cave, which in ancient times was typically used for religious rituals (sacrificial offerings). There were large amounts of broken spear points on the ground outside the cave.
Africa
Modern day hunter-gatherers of the region continue to value and worship snake. The location is the Mecca of the San people who call it the ‘Mountain of the Gods‘.
The San, or today’s Khoisan (Khoikhoi & San, southern Africa), are the world’s second oldest known peoples. The oldest existing group are the Sandawe (Tanzania), who inherited a fear of ancestor spirits said to reside in caves. They worship the moon.
To the Vugusu and Sidama people (Ethiopia) the snake is immortal.
In many societies, snakes are sacred and are not to be killed by humans, because they represent ancestral spirits.
India
In India, snake worship (Nagas) honors serpent deities (human head, serpent body) and their supernatural powers related to all fertility on Earth. Traditionally, these rituals are dominated by and involve only women.
The snake ranks sacred second only to the cow, and symbolizes eternity, the female spirit, healing, prophecy, wisdom, conscious transformation, rebirth and change, shedding the old and growth.
The Python
The python lives in Africa, Asia and Australia. It is a non-venomous snake of various sizes with some pythons being the largest snakes in the world. It hunts in caves in complete darkness and swallows large animals whole. It attacks suddenly, killing through suffocation.
Adult humans and apes are not attacked unless a female is protecting her eggs.
The Female Sexuality Symbol
Snakes in general are bisexual, with females often being larger than males. They hide in grasses, appearing unexpectedly, and have a feminine phallic look and feel, gyrating like only women can.
A snake with her mouth open, resembles the vagina and clitoris, and curls around objects with a grip reminiscent of the vaginal muscle. In a state of sexual arousal, the clitoral engorgement symbolically transforms the vulva into a snake, inspiring admiration and fear associated with snake worship.
GODDESSES
Venus Art
Shortly after Sapiens inhabited western Eurasia around 35,000 BP, the famous Venus figurines started appearing from Spain to Siberia.
Over the following 30,000 years, figurines depicting mostly females at various life stages were crafted presumably by women as a form of self-expression. The surviving pieces were 0.7-17 inches (2-43cm) in length and were made of stone, ivory, pulverized bone and clay, representing the first ceramics fired in outdoor ovens.
The pregnant Venuses in particular, seem to have been made from a perspective one would have if looking down at one’s own body. They were often faceless, headless or with the head bent down, with tiny arms and hands, large breasts, belly, buttocks and thighs, and no feet. Some were depicted with tiny hands wearing jewelry which resembles handcuffs.
Most of the figurines are phallic in shape and have prominent inner labia.
Others appear to represent duality and are double figurines with two faces or two bodies back to back, or one human female body that extends into a reptile-like body facing in the opposite direction (reminiscent of the later snake deities).
Out of hundreds of surviving Venuses, the most popular one is the Venus of Willendorf.
The One
A possible association with the Great Mother Goddess is seen in connection with Venuses carrying bison horns (cornucopias), like the mature Venus of Laussel, the potentially largest (43cm) Venus rock carving originally painted with red ochre. The horn she is holding is marked with 13 lines, with her image having been created from the perspective of the artist with normal proportions, including feet, and the typically pronounced inner labia.
It is believed that the worship of the creator Goddess or The One, which extended into the times of early Christianity, begun in this period, coinciding with the beginning of equality in social status of women based on burial style, which for the first time in prehistory included grave goods.
Fashion
After 25,000 BP, Venus figurines begun to be depicted with clothing.
Based on the Venuses, the fashion of the time and region consisted of wrap dresses ending above the breasts with waist belts and basket hats or caps in western Europe, and string skirts and hip belts in eastern Europe.
Curves
The Venuses often had exceptionally rounded, plumb buttocks and thighs, which may originally have evolved during the transition to bipedalism and the primal mode of infant carriage on their mother’s backs, combined with a gradual increase in body fat deposits.
Because the phenomenon developed in women, it was inherited by consecutive generations of both, females and males, and is still present to a lesser or greater degree in many tribes and individuals around the world.
PART 2 - Culture & Politics
ARCHAIC LEADERSHIP
Only A Woman
Only a woman could have developed the idea of unconditional spiritual love most humans interpret as god. A woman creates human life out of her own flesh and blood, relating to the end result in a unique way, and establishing a relationship unlike no other from the moment of awareness of the embryonic development.
From a natural standpoint, and prior to the artificially established interference by males, this process caused her to view her own and other children and the people they grew up to be, in a loving, caring, and protective manner.
These natural instincts evolved into a sense of responsibility and leadership with the goal of strategic survival and a harmonious organization of the society she created.
Belief System
As for most of human history, archaic law and rules of conduct were based in religion, which in turn arose with the idea of every living thing possessing a soul, and that the soul is eternal, transforming itself into spirit after the death of the material body. This belief extended to natural phenomena, as well as natural or manmade materials, objects and substances, and the energy they evoked.
Because human existence starts with women, fertility was worshipped in the same way as animals, whose pursuit and consumption caused humans to evolve. In addition to the growth of brain and body, observations of animals led to an increased knowledge of biology, survival strategies, and social organization.
The close relationship with nature blurred the lines between human and animal, battle and hunting, cannibalism and food consumption. For justification most activities were turned into rituals, thereby opening the doors for nonsensical practices to become custom in the name of this or that ancestral deity.
Creationism
Historically, every culture has a creation myth telling a story of various goddesses and gods, with at least one angry god who punishes people by giving them suffering and mortality for disobedience of some form, often related to the taking or use of fire or heat. One or more snakes and symbolic trees play deciding roles, giants are often present, and a hero who returns from the dead and brings new customs to the people.
These legends usually start out as actual events, become a part of the oral tradition, and are then adjusted along the way based on the political motivations and goals of the storyteller, exaggerating some parts, while masking or leaving out other ones. The belief in these stories is to be embraced as the absolute truth, teaching the followers how to think, feel and act.
Those who dare to question the validity of the ideology, present a danger to the power and status of the group leaders and their conflicted followers.
The devoted followers either desperately need the role-play in order to avoid dealing with their unresolved issues or spend most of their energy trying hard to follow the often counterproductive rules.
Abstract Thinking
According to academics, evolution of the brain and resulting behavior occurred due to the increased use of abstract thinking patterns which initially developed out of necessity and enabled ancient Homo to survive by adjusting to new environments.
Advancement past this point, however, led to destructive creativity. As our ancestors progressed by overcoming the elements, they established the idea that everything, including themselves, can and should be bent to fit the road taken. Along the way, emotional intelligence and long-term common sense were separated from decision-making, and yet the mind, spirit and life itself, came to be viewed as one and the same.
One aspect of the growing creativity found expression in the self-reinvention of the individual, followed by unintentional and intentional group identity giving birth to the idea of cultural distinction and uniqueness. This group identity led to individuals’ personal identity merging with that of the group and causing a gradual loss of self-awareness, individual choice and alternative thinking.
Politics Of Fear
The establishment of politics and faith rooted in fear was relatively easy to accomplish, because of the individual members’ dependence on one another for successful hunting and mutual protection in often dangerous environments. Rules, laws and morals that did not benefit anyone but the leaders were accepted for fear of isolation coupled with the eternal fear of the unknown.
New rituals were established to instill compliance and social bonding in accordance to the group’s priorities: food, territory and reproduction.
Divide And Concur
Women and children presented the biggest obstacles. One who cares most for being the natural born leader who creates society out of her flesh, and the other naturally explorative, inquisitive, ever curious, and in search of knowledge, meaning and pleasure.
They had to be disciplined. Values and norms had to be instilled into them, teaching them that they had to earn the right to become a member of the society by assuming specific roles.
Medicine
Archaic healers continued to use medicinal herbs they inherited from their primate ancestors, passing on the knowledge as a part of their oral tradition.
Over time religion, with its good and bad spirits, as well as superstition and magic, became part of the treatment.
Bad spirits and angry gods were the bringers of disease and death, and had to be pleased through prayer and sacrifice for healing and divinity in afterlife to occur. Evil spirits were taught to literally take possession of a persons mind or body part, and had to then be removed though complex rituals.
Medicine elders who often were the group leaders, claimed to have the ability to communicate with spirits and deities, and find out how to cure the illness. If they failed, it was because the supernatural evil spirit was too powerful.
High Fidelity
Crucial to the removal of bad spirits, religious faith, communication with deities, psychic visions, initiation rituals, courageous warriors, motivated hunters, and overall successful leadership, was the widespread consumption of mind-altering plants (entheogens).
Hallucinogens like Iboga and other plants, were preferred by religious leaders and cultivated for the purpose of spiritual enlightenment and the bonding of the faithful.
The goal was to separate mind from matter, or the spirit from the body, thereby reaching an advanced state of being in which one would supposedly find one‘s true self.
Particularly during initiation ceremonies, often lasting several days, the consumption of these sacred plants was strictly enforced and supervised by the elders.
The plants were said to be given to the people by deities and aside from causing visions, anxiety and amnesia, they often had anesthetic properties and were used as stimulants (for extreme alertness), depressants (painkillers, sleep aides), intoxicants, or, in higher dosages, for intentional poisoning (suicide or murder).
ARCHAIC WORLD ORDER
Immortality
With the establishment of religion, the belief in the afterlife and resulting deities, rituals revolved around the idea of give and take between spirits or deities and the living.
To receive what they needed for survival, the mortals had to provide the spirits with sacrificial offerings, or otherwise the deities would be angered and turn against them.
Such beliefs allowed leaders to eliminate anyone and anything standing in their way, and do it all for the assumed benefit of the group they ruled over, systematically subduing potential rebellion.
In death, the leaders became immortal gods, followed by those who continued to pray for them and act upon the rules set by them. Those who disobeyed the deceased ancestral gods would instead remain mortal.
No Pain, No Gain
Everything, including basic survival activities, was ritualized, a cause for celebration, gathering the members, creating excitement, bringing meaning into it, turning customs into laws through repetition, and building tolerance toward otherwise intolerable cruelties.
Human sacrificial rituals were conducted in a similar manner as animal sacrifice. The being would be slaughtered, strangled, hit on the head, drowned or tortured to death (extraction of the heart, skinning, etc.) prior to consumption. The kill represented the sacrifice directed at the deities and was then celebrated by feasting on it. The act of causing or enduring pain was regarded as a payment for the permission to feel pleasure.
The victims of human sacrifice were adversaries, rebels, undesirables, and partners, servants or warriors who died voluntarily or in battle as part of the burial ceremony in order to serve the deceased leader in the afterlife or to become gods themselves.
Specialized Coercion
Physical alterations and scarifications played an important part, demonstrating the ability to submit and become a good follower by conquering pain.
The ritual amputation of fingers, the use of bone drills on skulls for the removal of evil spirits, headhunting for status or medicinal human body parts (heads, breasts, tongues, eyes, sexual organs), and many other highly creative coercion methods aided the maintenance of order.
A New Scull
Artificial deformations of infant and toddler skulls with the use of clay, wooden boards, stones and hands, were done at least since 45,000 BP (Neanderthal) and continued into the Middle Ages (Europe, 500-1500 PT) for the purpose of spiritual maturation and hierarchical rank.
Upbringing
Severe ritual mistreatment of infants and children in form of abandonment, infanticide (child sacrifice), incest, mutilation, rape, beating and torture was not uncommon.
Natural intimacy between mother and child, essential to childhood development, was restricted as it would interfere with the leaders’ ideology in terms of whose rules the child is to respect and follow into adulthood.
Infanticide would occur (and still does) in cases of suspicious fatherhood, in the presence of actual or perceived deformities, and based on gender.
The powerful message received by other children and adults was to continue to be good followers or else.
Blood
Ritual bloodletting and the drinking of blood was a form of sacrifice to the spirits for the maintenance of universal order (lasting into the 1960‘s), and served as compensation for the sacrifices the ancestral gods made by giving their descendants life, and as a reminder that they are property of the gods.
Education
Initiation rituals were (and still are) forms of schooling, teaching teens about morals, appropriate behavior, the keeping of secrets, and overall ways of the world according to the leaders and their ancestral gods.
Taboo
The most important part of the initiation was the sacrificial removal of evil impurities classified as taboos, promising spiritual purification and potential immortality. A taboo was not to be broken, as it would spread like a contagious disease, tempting followers into disobedience and threatening the overthrow of the ruling elders.
The Human Female Taboo
In girls, the readiness to endure pain and torture was taught to be interpreted as a sign of maturity, earning young women the right to mate and reproduce.
The female taboo, of course was, and still is, the authentic clitoris we inherited from our primate ancestors. This authentic clitoris was not the ‘tiny little button’ most women have today, but an actual visible, fully developed sexual organ, few women still possess thanks to Mother Nature‘s love of chance.
In those days the visible part of the clitoris did not differentiate itself from the comparatively massive inner ‘anchor’ part which extends from the pubic bone into the abdomen, splitting in two at the vaginal canal and ending at the back of the hip bone to which it is attached.
The Political Motive
The visibility and size of the authentic clitoris made it obvious when a woman was sexually aroused by a mate and when she was not, and unlike the penis, the clitoris did not cease to function past a certain age, thereby acting as a constant reminder of the female sexual superiority among the elders.
The problem with this very special female organ is that it made girls and women rule their world, back when the world of women and men was one and the same.
The Male Creator
Judging by the timing of the maximum average brain volume and height, the amount of time necessary for a drastic change in gene expression to spread, the realization of superiority leading to separations and migrations across three continents, the invention of clothing, the sharpness of the tools in use, and the consecutive loss of height likely caused by rising stress levels, about 500,000 BP, a disturbed individual decided to split the world in two by breaking down the connections between mother and child, girls and boys, women and men, and creating a new world consisting of sadistic, superior leaders and masochistic, inferior followers.
This same philosophy of separation, reorganization and recreation was then applied to primitive manufacturing, science and medicine, rooted in the reinvention of nature.
We view it as advancement with one eye closed.
Achilles’ Heel
The reinvention of female sexuality over the millennia was achieved through the spread of new myths told by the gods, about the clitoris being the male soul of a woman, masculinizing her and preventing her from becoming a real woman.
The part of the clitoris that sticks out of the vulva was taught to be disgusting and dirty, leading to instability and excessive lust, a hindrance to coitus, causing offspring to die or grow even bigger clitorises and penises, and making male partners impotent upon contact.
Female sexual sensitivity, excitement and pleasure had to be weakened because an intact woman had orgasms faster and more often than a men, and had sexual intercourse with other women. Being intact became a derogatory term followed by social ostracism.
If all this didn’t work, the intact woman’s baby was murdered.
The Feminine Act
The earliest idea of heterosexual monogamy and primitive marriage coincides with the clitoral castration ritual being done in preparation for womanhood.
The castrated girls would become feminine, dignified and modest, and were taught to assume their new roles as skillful wives, controlling their emotions and getting a husband and children in return for their stoic endurance of lifelong suffering.
The Grip On Reproduction
Because of the importance of territorial expansion and related warrior deaths, reproduction had to be stimulated. This was achieved by demonizing non-reproductive sexual practices, particularly homosexual acts and masturbation.
Natural sexual expression was denounced as immature and immoral, with masturbation being attributed to childlike behavior. Genitals were declared dirty and despicable, not to be touched, making ritualized mutilations the symbols of advancement.
Additionally, sadistic torture served to remind individuals of their limited power and lack of self-ownership.
The Killing Of Spirit
And so in the name of this or that god, and depending on group or tribe, children and young women were marked like cattle. The hymen, prepuce, clitoris, inner labia and the g-spot were (and still are) cut, pierced, amputated, burned, scraped, with often fatal consequences.
These tremendously traumatic forms of ritualized rape were inflicted in infancy, before or after the first menstruation, in advanced pregnancy prior to labor, at labor, after labor, in battle, or as part of the wedding ceremony performed by the medicine man-priest-warrior elder.
Woman Down
For survival, women learned to ignore the pain and inner conflict of their contradictory existence, and accept their systematic disempowerment on all levels as reality, going as far as embracing this spread of mental and physical disease as a normal part of human maturation.
They were no longer whole, and the children they bore were imperfect and needed to be perfected by male leadership. They became slaves, their natural role and purpose in human evolution drastically changed.
Their bodies devolved, they became fearful of the truth, having lost faith in themselves and in each other. They were defeated.
Masculinity
Boys too were circumcised in a religious initiation ritual, and in rare cases castrated. The foreskin was said to be feminizing, preventing the boys from becoming men.
The sacrificial mutilation was done to moderate sexual lust, ensure purity and virility, discourage masturbation, in some cases representing a symbolic castration and loss of virginity, and acting as a farewell to childhood.
A Man’s Honor
The rite of passage allowed boys to become full members of their group through the display of courage required in warriors they were about to become.
A boy’s demonstration of devotion and submission toward the group’s leaders in place of his mother, preserved his group’s honor and raised his social status.
Male Pride
After the boy became a warrior, he was permitted to socialize, reproduce, and join other boys and men in a type of fraternity. Love, acceptance and personal identity were to be obtained through the endurance of torture.
Those who declined would be reported, ridiculed, caught and mutilated with the use of force.
Prohibition Of Emotion
Cold water was sometimes used to numb the flesh (comparable to the later Christian baptizing). The foreskin would be completely cut or burned off, or the underside of the penis would be sliced lengthwise (sub-incision) to bare the resemblance of a vulva, making sacrificial bloodletting a part of the initiation ritual.
In another initiation version, the elders would poke the boys’ nostrils causing sacrificial bloodletting and forcing them to oral sex, adding sexual submission into the mix.
The Fragile Ego
The various artificial changes imposed on girls and boys, made young men highly insecure as they were never able to satisfy women.
Thinking that the problem must lie with their penises, they learned to obsess about penis size and view sex as a performance, an act.
In extreme cases they implanted stones and other materials into their penises to grow in size and strength.
Single Origin Hypothesis
Because these ancient customs were carried on and survived from Sub-Saharan Africa to the Pre-Columbian Americas (before 1492), we can assume a single cultural origin.
Broken Bond
The initially nearly identical female and male phallus possessing a highly developed sensory system ensured exceptionally easy and quick orgasms and a sense of mutual and equal satisfaction among the sexes. The consecutive application of injuries to the genitals and the psyche caused the bond between female and male sexuality to break.
They could no longer understand each other.
Elongated Labia
To avoid clitoral castration and as an attempt to replace clitoral tissue lost to castration and regain some of the sensation, women eventually started teaching their pubescent daughters to methodically pull on their inner labia with the help of medicinal plants.
What may have begun as a subconscious reflex in a state of shock following clitoral castration, turned into a cultural and genetic phenomenon still in place today.
The elongated labia added volume to the female genitals (up to 4 inches), providing the owner with a sense of improvised sexual completeness, increased sensation, and a possibility of orgasm and female ejaculation (in the presence of a sufficient amount of clitoral tissue).
Archaic Female Masturbation
The pulling activity points out to the likelihood of ancestral women having pulled on their authentic clitorises for masturbatory purposes in the same way this is still done by males.
Because the inner labia are attached to the clitoral prepuce and together with the outer and inner clitoris constitute one organ, the pulling and resulting sensation would occur in our archaic ancestress whenever they experienced clitoral engorgement, which would stretch the inner labia due to the originally greater thickness and length of the authentic clitoris.
The unintended stimulation of the stretched inner labia would take place during masturbation, as well as during active and passive rubbing, grinding and penetration.
Naturally, after most of the clitoris was gone, women instinctively continued pulling on what was left of their sexually responsive tissues in order to obtain a morsel of pleasure.
Reverse Reality
The pronounced labia took the attention off the much feared clitoris, visually reducing the size of the demonized part that sticks out, giving the vulva an accommodating and passive look in stark contrast to the aggressive look of an erect (and often mutilated) penis, together serving the patriarchal ideology of opposite genders.
In accordance, the vulva was taught to serve no sexual purpose in itself but to satisfy a penis and give birth to more followers.
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